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Harry Browne popularized the concept of the "Permanent Portfolio" decades ago by recommending an asset allocation of 25% stocks, 25% bonds, 25% gold, and 25% cash. In the 90's, the concept of "risk parity" also became popular with writings by Cliff Asness of AQR Capital.
Read more in Why Not 100% Equities and Bridgewater's "All Weather" Fund. Both are similar concepts attempting to create a more balanced portfolio that is better prepared to handle different economic environments by investing less in stocks and more in everything else.
Options can be used in portfolios in many different ways, including to create leverage, which is one of the key tenets of risk parity. Active retail traders with margin accounts could fairly easily use the concepts in this article to create diversified portfolios with strong expected Sharpe Ratios by short selling puts on a small handful of ETF options in a sensible
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way (i.e. cash secured, or modestly levered in a disciplined and repeatable manner).
Let's first look at the Permanent Portfolio, from 1970-2017, represented by the S&P 500 for stocks (SPY when available), long term US treasuries for bonds (TLT when available), London gold price index for gold (GLD when available), and 1 month US T-bills for cash. The portfolio is rebalanced annually. We are using the excellent website, Portfolio Visualizer (www.portfoliovisualizer.com), for our examples.
Click on all images for greater clarity
Past performance doesn't guarantee future results
What is noticeable, and desirable, about the Permanent Portfolio asset allocation is the relatively steady long term historical performance with modest and relatively short lived drawdowns. It has been a stable performer due to the low correlations between stocks, bonds, and gold. But this also means the annual returns can vary substantially from stocks alone, which can be behaviorally challenging for some investors. Know thyself before making investment decisions.
By removing cash, portfolio visualizer will allow us to solve for risk parity of our three remaining asset classes. Since 1970, this would have been an allocation of approximately 42% treasury bonds, 33% stocks, and 25% gold. By eliminating cash in the portfolio, we would expect higher returns, but also modestly higher risk, which is in fact what would have happened.
Portfolio 1: Our original Permanent Portfolio asset allocation
Portfolio 2: Risk parity weighted allocation (holdings are balanced based on risk instead of dollars)
Past performance doesn't guarantee future results
Using the ORATS "Wheel" backtester, we can backtest a Permanent Risk Parity Portfolio of 30 day short puts on SPY, GLD, and TLT since June 2008, while also adding the T-bill return to the portfolio since short puts simply require a good faith margin requirement by the broker instead of a cash outlay when holding the underlying ETF.
Portfolio 1: Permanent Portfolio
Portfolio 2: Risk Parity Permanent Portfolio
Portfolio 3: Risk Parity Put Permanent Portfolio (cash secured, i.e., no leverage)
Estimated transaction costs of slippage and commissions are built into all ORATS Wheel backtests, therefore they have been accounted for in the put parity portfolio simulation, while portfolio 1 and 2 are gross of estimated transaction costs. None of the portfolios have accounted for the impact of taxes, which have differing impacts on investors. Consult with your tax advisor. Past performance doesn't guarantee future results.
Af first glance, it may appear that selling puts in place of holding the underlying ETF is unattractive. We'd argue that investors should think about portfolios in terms of both total returns and risk-adjusted returns, and the put parity portfolio produces the highest Sharpe Ratio. Since short puts can be levered to create a higher notional exposure in a margin approved brokerage account, investors seeking higher returns could apply a modest amount of leverage to create notional exposure around 150% to produce returns in line with the underlying ETF portfolio, while still maintaining the advantage of lower volatility.
Of course, investors could also lever an ETF portfolio by borrowing in their brokerage account, but typically at a much higher cost than the implied financing rate built into derivative contracts like options. Investors comfortable with the volatility of a 100% equity portfolio (15-20% annualized) could further lever positions to have the potential for equity like returns while still maintaining the attractive diversification characteristics of a Permanent Portfolio style asset allocation mix.
It should also be noted that if an investor prefers an option position that acts more like synthetic stock (ETF), an option "combo" or "risk reversal" position can be created by combining a short put and long call. All of these concepts can be tested with the ORATS wheel, which we encourage those interested to check out as it's a great tool for automated backtesting of many option strategies with around a decade of clean historical data on many equity option symbols.
Jesse Blom is a licensed investment advisor and Vice President of Lorintine Capital, LP . He provides investment advice to clients all over the United States and around the world. Jesse has been in financial services since 2008 and is a CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER™ . Working with a CFP® professional represents the highest standard of financial planning advice. Jesse has a Bachelor of Science in Finance from Oral Roberts University. Jesse oversees the LC Diversified forum and contributes to the Steady Condors newsletter.
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